Abstract: The rotary bending tests of EA4T axle steel machined with different turning processes were conducted, and the effect of turning process on fatigue behavior of the EA4T axle steel was studied. The results show that the difference between the maximum and minimum residual compressive stresses of the tested steel was 50 MPa and that of the residual tensile stresses was 25 MPa under different turning processes. The turning process had little influence on the residual stress. The surface roughness of the tested steel under different turning processes was less than 0.8 μm and the difference between the maximum and minimum surface roughness was 0.15 μm. The turning process had little effect on the surface roughness. When the surface roughness was less than 0.8 μm, the impact of the turning process on the fatigue life was limited. The fatigue fracture consisted of crack source region, crack stable expansion region and transient region, and only one crack source existed. The fatigue cracks were generated in the root of the deep turning marks and extended to the inside of the tested steel.