Abstract: Shot peening was conducted on surface of CF53 steel under three shot peening strengths (0.326, 0.401, 0.438 mm), and then pin-on-disk friction and wear tests were carried out under oil lubrication conditions. The surface morphology, microstructure, microhardness and wear resistance of the specimens before and after shot peening were studied and compared. The results show that the surface of the specimens had dimple-like pit morphology after shot peening, and the surface roughness, microhardness and depth of the hardening affected zone increased with the increase of the shot peening strength. Shot peening by three strengths improved the wear resistance of the specimens; the friction coefficients and volume wear rates after shot peening were less than those of the unpeened specimens. The wear resistance of the specimen shot peened with 0.326 mm strength was the best. The wear mechanism of the unpeened specimens was mainly adhesive wear and material shearing off. After shot peening at strength of 0.326,0.401 mm, the wear mechanism was delamination and abrasive wear; at strength of 0.438 mm, the wear mechanism was fatigue wear.