Abstract: Electrospinning is one of the important ways to prepare alumina fiber. It has the characteristics of simple synthesis process, easy adjustment of fiber components and reasonable design of fiber structure, and has developed rapidly in recent years. The principles and advancements of electrospinning technology are described, and the effects of process parameters (such as polymer parameters, solvent parameters, spinning fluid parameters, process control parameters, environmental parameters, and heat treatment parameters) and types of aluminum precursors (including inorganic aluminum, organic aluminum, and hybrid aluminum sources) on fiber structure and properties are systematically analyzed. Various applications of alumina fibers (such as adsorption filtration, catalysis, energy storage, and high-temperature insulation) are described. The future development of alumina fiber prepared by electrospinning method is prospected.