Abstract: With the continuous improvement of China's industrial level, the issue of residual stress is releiving more and more attention. Accurate measurement and control of residual stress can improve material properties, enhance dimension precision, extend lifespan, further enhance the safety and reliability of key engineering components. Therefore, the residual stress detection technology plays a significant role in fields such as aerospace, nuclear power and shipbuilding, and provide critical data support for the mechanical performance research and safety assessment of engineering components. The principles, applicable scopes, advantages and disadvantages of current residual stress detection technologies are summarized. The main factors need to be considered when choosing suitable detection technologies are discussed. The development trends of residual stress detection technology in scientific research and application fields are pointed out.