Abstract: 7075 aluminum alloy was subjected to surface mechanical rolling treatment （SMRT） with one, three, and five passes, respectively. The effects of SMRT and the number of rolling passes on the microstructure, microhardness, and wear resistance of the alloy were investigated. The results show that after SMRT, the surface layer of the test alloy was deformed, surface roughness increased, and surface grains were refined, forming a gradient structure with grain size increasing from the surface toward the interior; the surface microhardness was increased, exhibiting a gradually decreasing gradient distribution from the surface to the interior; the average friction coefficient and wear rate were reduced, and the wear resistance was improved. As the number of rolling passes increased, the deformation layer thickness of the test alloy increased, surface roughness increased, surface average grain size decreased, surface microhardness increased, average friction coefficient and wear rate decreased, and wear resistance was further enhanced. After SMRT, the wear mechanism transitioned from abrasive wear to a combined mode of fatigue wear and abrasive wear. With the increase of rolling passes, spalling was reduced, and both plowing grooves and wear debris decreased.