Abstract: Finite element simulation was carried out on microstructure field and stress field of 35CrMo steel axle after brine quenching, and then X-ray diffraction and layer stripping methods were used to measure the residual stress on surface and internal layer of the axle, the aim was verifying the simulation results. The results show that the error between simulation results and experimental values of axial residual stress on the axle surface was about 15% and that of hoop residual stress was 20% or so, and the result was in keeping with European standards of EN13261-2003. With the increase of depth from the surface, the axial and hoop residual stresses both gradually reduced.