Abstract: Using the MMS-2A wear test machine to simulate the friction and wear behavior of the wheel-rail systems made by a kind of wheel material and two kinds of rail materials with different hardness. The effect of the rail hardness on wheel-rail system at different axle loads was studied. The results show that the wear loss of samples of wheel disc and rail disc increased with the increase of axle load. Under the same conditions, the high hardness rail wear loss was lower, but matching the wheel wear loss was higher.