Abstract: Nano ZrO2 ceramic was grinded on a self-designed two-dimensional ultrasound assisted grinding system and the surface residual stress of the ceramic was tested by XRD to study the effects of grinding parameters on it. The ordinary grinding surface residual stress was tested in comparison. The results show that in the two grinding modes the surface residual stresses were compressive stress, and show a decreasing trend with the increase of grinding depth. But the decrease trend of residual stress in ultrasonic grinding was slower than that in ordinary grinding. The surface residual stress in ultrasonic grinding was greater than that in the ordinary grinding under the same conditions. With the increased of abrasive size, the surface residual stress in two grind modes all increased if other parameters uncharged.