Abstract: Based on the theory of empirical electron theory (EET) of solid and molecule, the relationship between valence electron structure and the mechanical properties of 316L stainless steel in a simulated underground temperature field was studied. The results show that the parameters σ, na′, Sc and Nl obtained by valence electron theory satisfied the results of the dynamical tensile test, and these parameters revealed the relationship between valence electron structure and the mechanical properties of 316L stainless steel at different temperatures in a micro-level. When the parameters which could impact the macroscopic mechanical behavior of a material were discussed, the various parameters should be regarded as a whole which affect each other.