Abstract: The train running on straight and uphill railways was simulated by JD-1 wheel / rail simulation tester, and the adhesive characteristics of wheel/rail under dry, water and waste oil conditions were studied. The results show that comparing with straight railway, the wheel/rail adhesion coefficient on uphill railway dropped approximately 47% under dry condition, dropped approximately 50% under water condition and dropped approximately 24% under waste oil condition. During running on straight railway, the wear scar on simulated rail was the narrowest and the wear was the minimum under waste oil condition, the followed under water condition, and the greatest under dry condition. During running on uphill railway, the wear scar on simulated rail was the narrowest and the wear was the minimum under water medium condition, the followed under dry conditions and the greatest under waste oil condition.