Abstract: Effects of solution treatment time on mechanical properties and surface residual stress of 6061 thick aluminum alloy plates were investigated by tensile, hardness and residual stress tests. The microstructure and crystallographic texture of 6061 aluminum alloy plates were observed and analyzed by optical microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Then the influence of crystallographic texture on mechanical properties and residual stress distribution were analyzed with the Schmidt factor based on single slip crystal plasticity model. The results show when the solution treatment time prolonged from 2 h to 4 h, the microstructure and the mechanical properties along thickness became more homogeneous, the orientation density difference between surface and core, and residual stress were smaller. The difference of residual stress of the plate is ascribed to evolution of crystallographic texture, which associated with solution treatment time. That causes change of the weighted mean value of Schmidt factor.